* Integrity – the ability of a system to provide timely warnings to users when the system should not be used for navigation or other purposes.

* Accuracy – the difference between a GPS-measured position at any given time and the actual or true position.

* Availability – the ability of a system to be used for navigation when and where ever it is needed by the users.

A number of agencies and private firms are implementing augmentation systems that will improve the services available to civilian GPS users. These augmentations cover a wide range of geographical areas, up to continental distances.

Augmentations of GPS to meet user requirements are most commonly accomplished using a technique known as “differential GPS” or DGPS. A DGPS reference station is used to continuously monitor GPS signals in a given area. Since the position of the reference station has been precisely surveyed, any errors in the satellite signals themselves can be calculated and corrections broadcast to users in the area. The user’s DGPS receiver applies the correction message to improve the accuracy of its own position. The DGPS broadcast may also include integrity warnings for any satellite signals that should not be used. Additionally, the DGPS service can broadcast a GPS-like signal to improve the accuracy and availability of GPS services.

Another form of GPS augmentation uses a transmitter on the ground to transmit GPS-like signals. These transmitters act like pseudo-GPS satellite or “pseudolites.” In situations where signals from GPS satellites are blocked or obscured, such as in urban canyons or deep valleys, pseudolites can provide an additional source of GPS signals to improve the availability of GPS service. Pseudolites may be placed in fixed or mobile locations or mobile and transmit on frequencies close to or far from GPS itself depending on local conditions.

Aviation augmentation systems system will support all phases of flight and enable improvements to the safety and efficiency of global air transportation. Maritime and rail transportation will also see improvements in safety and efficiency through the use of GPS augmentation systems. State and local governments are using GPS augmentations in such diverse areas as inventory management, road-condition mapping, land use management, geographic information systems, and traffic databases. Of particular importance are GPS uses by emergency response services such as police, fire, and rescue units.

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GPS is managed by the National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Executive Committee, supported by the PNT Executive Secretariat (http://www.pnt.gov). The PNT manages GPS and U.S. Government augmentations to GPS, consistent with national policy, to support and enhance U.S. economic competitiveness and productivity while protecting national security and foreign policy interests.

The basic GPS is defined as the constellation of satellites, the navigation payloads which produce the GPS signals, ground stations, data links, and associated command and control facilities which are operated and maintained by the Department of Defense; the Standard Positioning Service (SPS) as the civil and commercial service provided by the basic GPS; and augmentations as those systems based on the GPS that provide real-time accuracy greater than the SPS. GPS permits land, sea, and airborne users to determine their three dimensional position, velocity, and time, 24 hours a day in all weather, anywhere in the world.

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The National Executive Committee is chaired jointly by the Deputy Secretaries of Defense and Transportation. Its membership includes equivalent-level officials from the Departments of State, the Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, and Homeland Security, as well as the Joint Chiefs of Staff and NASA. Components of the Executive Office of the President participate as observers to the National Executive Committee, and the FCC Chairman participates as a liaison.

A National Coordination Office located in Washington, D.C., provides day-to-day staff support to the National Executive Committee. It consists of an interagency staff headed by Director Anthony Russo. The National Coordination Office is a point of contact for inquiries regarding PNT policy.

An Advisory Board provides independent advice to the National Executive Committee through its sponsor agency, NASA.

Several working groups support the National Executive Committee through staff-level, interagency collaboration on specific topics.

The National Executive Committee for Space-Based PNT replaced the Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB), which oversaw GPS policy matters from 1996 to 2004.

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Precise time is crucial to a variety of economic activities around the world. Communication systems, electrical power grids, and financial networks all rely on precision timing for synchronization and operational efficiency. The free availability of GPS time has enabled cost savings for companies that depend on precise time and has led to significant advances in capability.

For example, wireless telephone and data networks use GPS time to keep all of their base stations in perfect synchronization. This allows mobile handsets to share limited radio spectrum more efficiently. Similarly, digital broadcast radio services use GPS time to ensure that the bits from all radio stations arrive at receivers in lockstep. This allows listeners to tune between stations with a minimum of delay.

Companies worldwide use GPS to time-stamp business transactions, providing a consistent and accurate way to maintain records and ensure their traceability. Major investment banks use GPS to synchronize their network computers located around the world. Large and small businesses are turning to automated systems that can track, update, and manage multiple transactions made by a global network of customers, and these require accurate timing information available through GPS.

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Interfaces are documented in Interface Control Documents (ICDs). ICDs are the formal means of establishing, defining, and controlling interfaces and for documenting detailed interface design definition for the GPS program.

Interface Specifications (ISs) are specific types of ICDs. ISs specify a single government office or agency as the only necessary and required approval authority for the document. However, the procedure and the process for development, control, and maintenance is the same for both ICDs and ISs.

Interface Specification IS-GPS-200 defines the requirements related to the interface between the space segment of the Global Positioning System and the navigation user segment of the GPS for radio frequency link 1 (L1) and link 2 (L2). Versions of the document prior to Revision D were designated as ICDs instead of ISs.

Interface Specification IS-GPS-705 defines the requirements related to the interface between the space segment of the Global Positioning System and the navigation user segment of the GPS for radio frequency link 5 (L5).

Interface Specification IS-GPS-800 defines the characteristics of a signal transmitted from GPS satellites to navigation receivers on radio frequency link 1 (L1). While there are multiple signals broadcast within the frequency band of L1, this Interface Specification defines only the signal denoted L1 Civil (L1C).

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A GPS augmentation is any system that aids GPS by providing accuracy, integrity, availability, or any other improvement to positioning, navigation, and timing that is not inherently part of GPS itself.

A wide range of different augmentation systems have been developed by both the public and private sectors. To meet specific requirements, the U.S. Government has fielded a number of publicly available GPS augmentation systems, including (but not limited to) the following systems.

Global Differential GPS (GDGPS)

Map of GDGPS coverage GDGPS is a high accuracy GPS augmentation system, developed by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory to support the real-time positioning, timing, and determination requirements of NASA science missions. Future NASA plans include using the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) to disseminate via satellite a real-time differential correction message. This system is referred to as the TDRSS Augmentation Service Satellites (TASS). For more information about GDGPS, visit the GDGPS website.

International GNSS Service (IGS)

Map of IGS coverage IGS is a network of over 350 GPS monitoring stations from 200 contributing organizations in 80 countries. Its mission is to provide the highest quality data and products as the standard for global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) in support of Earth science research, multidisciplinary applications, and education, as well as to facilitate other applications benefiting society. Approximately 100 IGS stations transmit their tracking data within one hour of collection. For more information about IGS, visit the IGS website.

Other Augmentations

There are many other GPS augmentation systems available worldwide, both government and commercial. These systems use differential, static, or real-time techniques. There are also systems that augment other global navigation satellite systems. The United States is cooperating with many other nations to ensure the interoperability of international augmentation systems with GPS and U.S. GPS augmentations.

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A GPS augmentation is any system that aids GPS by providing accuracy, integrity, availability, or any other improvement to positioning, navigation, and timing that is not inherently part of GPS itself.

A wide range of different augmentation systems have been developed by both the public and private sectors. To meet specific requirements, the U.S. Government has fielded a number of publicly available GPS augmentation systems, including (but not limited to) the following systems.

Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS)

Map of CORS coverage The U.S. CORS network, managed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, archives and distributes GPS data for precise positioning tied to the National Spatial Reference System. Over 200 private, public, and academic organizations contribute data from over 1,200 GPS tracking stations to CORS. The web-based Online Positioning User Service (OPUS) offers free post-processing of GPS data sets to the centimeter level using CORS information. CORS is also being modernized to support real-time users. For more information about CORS, visit the CORS website.

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A GPS augmentation is any system that aids GPS by providing accuracy, integrity, availability, or any other improvement to positioning, navigation, and timing that is not inherently part of GPS itself.

A wide range of different augmentation systems have been developed by both the public and private sectors. To meet specific requirements, the U.S. Government has fielded a number of publicly available GPS augmentation systems, including (but not limited to) the following systems.

Nationwide Differential GPS System (NDGPS)

Map of NDGPS coverage NDGPS is a ground-based augmentation system that provides increased accuracy and integrity of GPS information to users on U.S. land and waterways. The system consists of the Maritime Differential GPS System operated by the U.S. Coast Guard and an inland component funded by the Department of Transportation. NDGPS is built to international standards, and similar systems have been implemented by 50 countries around the world. Modernization efforts include the High Accuracy NDGPS (HA-NDGPS) system, currently under development, to enhance the performance and provide 10-15 centimeter accuracy with integrity throughout the coverage area. For more information about NDGPS, visit the websites of the Coast Guard Navigation Center, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, and Federal Highway Administration.

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The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a U.S.-owned utility that provides users with positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services. This system consists of three segments: the space segment, the control segment, and the user segment. The U.S. Air Force develops, maintains, and operates the space and control segments.

Space Segment

The space segment consists of a nominal constellation of 24 operating satellites that transmit one-way signals that give the current GPS satellite position and time.

Control Segment

The control segment consists of worldwide monitor and control stations that maintain the satellites in their proper orbits through occasional command maneuvers, and adjust the satellite clocks. It tracks the GPS satellites, uploads updated navigational data, and maintains health and status of the satellite constellation.

User Segment

The user segment consists of the GPS receiver equipment, which receives the signals from the GPS satellites and uses the transmitted information to calculate the user’s three-dimensional position and time.
Source: http://www.gps.gov

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The GPS is made up of three parts: satellites orbiting the Earth; control and monitoring stations on Earth; and the GPS receivers owned by users. GPS satellites broadcast signals from space that are picked up and identified by GPS receivers. Each GPS receiver then provides three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) plus the time.

Individuals may purchase GPS handsets that are readily available through commercial retailers. Equipped with these GPS receivers, users can accurately locate where they are and easily navigate to where they want to go, whether walking, driving, flying, or boating. GPS has become a mainstay of transportation systems worldwide, providing navigation for aviation, ground, and maritime operations. Disaster relief and emergency services depend upon GPS for location and timing capabilities in their life-saving missions. Everyday activities such as banking, mobile phone operations, and even the control of power grids, are facilitated by the accurate timing provided by GPS. Farmers, surveyors, geologists and countless others perform their work more efficiently, safely, economically, and accurately using the free and open GPS signals.

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